Online personal library

ABSTRACT

A method and an apparatus for creating an online library by establishing an account for a user on a first server computer, allocating storage space for the user on the first computer, the receiving from a second server computer a document to be stored in the first server computer in the user&#39;s allocated storage space. The library is made accessible to selected groups of others by the user based on access criteria. The library holds documents, which can be modified by another person who is authorized to so modify, whereupon the modifications may be transmitted to or approved by a group of users.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part application of the commonly-ownedapplication Ser. No. 09/478,796 filed Jan. 7, 2000, now pending.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is related in general to electronic informationrepositories, and in particular, to an online personal library.

BACKGROUND

The public interconnected computer networks—commonly called the Internetand colloquially called the web—have made possible a number ofapplications that were hitherto unthinkable. In general, a user visitsweb pages using a browser program executing on a client computer. Whenthe user visits a web page, a document such as a news article, adownloadable file such as an e-book, downloadable software programs suchas those available at www.shareware.com, a piece of music, a graphicalimage or other such object that is of interest, it may be a case thatthe user prefers to read or refer to the object at a later date.Currently the user has several choices—he can print the web page,download the page to his client computer, or make a book mark to enablean easy return to the web site for reference at a later date. But thereare problems with each of these methods.

Printing every web page that is of interest quickly becomesunmanageable. A product called SurfSaver™ is a browser add-on, whichlets a user to store Web pages directly from the browser into searchablefolders on the user's client computer. While SurfSaver™ can be used toorganize and search the information the user gathers on the Internet, itrequires the user to download software to the client computer and createan information store for web pages downloaded to the client computer.But such downloading of web pages, documents, or files may consumesignificant resources on the client computer, and these downloaded webpages or files may not be readily available in a form that can be sharedby others.

Book marking the web page or the location is a better solution than theabove two methods. A typical bookmark comprises a location or address,usually specified in a Universal Resource Locator format, and a mnemonicso that the user remembers what information is stored at the location.In general, the browser program stores bookmarks in a special “bookmark” file on the client computer. The location of this bookmark file istypically known to the browser, which loads the contents of the file andpresents the bookmarks to the user when he makes an appropriateselection on the browser. Examples of such book marking methods arefound in the commercially available browser programs such as InternetExplorer™, in which program the bookmarks are called “Favorites.”

Often, it is the case that either the bookmarks are too many or theybecome “stale.” Bookmarks become stale when a site to which the bookmarkpoints no longer hosts the web page addressed by the bookmark. The user,who depended on the availability of the information online, is now leftwith a bookmark that does not point to useful data.

Additionally, sharing information with others either in a controlledmanner or with a widespread audience is becoming an increasing need.Sharing information that is restricted as to the number of copies thatcan be made without infringing an author's or a publisher's rights isbecoming important, There is a need, therefore, for a method and systemto improve the state of the art to address these and other issues.

SUMMARY

The present invention is related to online repositories, which aredescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/478,796 filed Jan. 7,2000, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. A description of electronic message handling systems isprovided in the Masters thesis by Naren Chaganti, “IntegratingElectronic Message Handling Systems with Databases: A SecurityPerspective”, submitted to the Faculty of Computer Science Engineeringat The University of Texas at Arlington, Tex., May 1992, which isincorporated by reference in this disclosure in its entirety.

In one aspect, the present invention allows a user to create an onlinepersonal library for storage of digital items. As used in thisapplication, an “item” or a “digital item” is any piece of analog ordigital information such as a web page, data, a document such as a newsarticle, word processor document, spread sheet, presentation, e-book,software programs, music, video, movie, a graphical image such as aphotograph, a three-dimensional image, or a similar thing.

Two different roles for a person are envisioned to describe theprinciples of the present disclosure. They are: (1) a “user,” who is aperson or a computer program that creates or effectively “owns” theonline personal library; and (2) a “requester”, who is a person or acomputer program that accesses the information stored in the personallibrary established by the user. Further, there is a service provider,which could be a person, a company or a computer program thatestablishes a server computer (“server”) and allows users to use theserver to create, maintain and operate the personal library. The serviceprovider is not an essential entity to enable the principles of thepresent invention. The user and the requester may be the same entity,but performing different roles. Alternatively they could be separateentities.

The present invention is also directed toward a method and system forgathering, storing personal information on a server computer andreleasing such information to authorized requesters. Several types ofinformation are stored for release to different entities withappropriate authorization.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a method offor automatically disbursing personal information belonging to a user toa requester that is authorized by the user by transmitting said personalinformation from a server computer operated by a service provider, saidserver computer coupled to a database, the method comprising the stepsof establishing an account for the user with the server computer;assigning an identifier to the user; entering personal informationbelonging to the user, said personal information comprising at least oneof a plurality of information objects; assigning at least one of aplurality of security levels to each information object; storing in thedatabase the user identifier, the information object and the securitylevel assigned to the information object; receiving a request to messagefrom the requester, said request message comprising at least the useridentifier; retrieving from the database the information objectpertaining to the user identifier; securely transmitting the informationobject to the requester. In a further aspect, the invention comprisesthe steps of presenting an authorization by the requester; and verifyingthe requester's authorization.

Further, any modifications, updates, or changes are automaticallynotified to any authorized requesters. The requester optionally providesinformation about to whom and where to notify changes, such as addresschanges. Sending a message to an electronic mail box can accomplish suchchange notification function. In a preferred embodiment, a frequentunauthorized requester of information can be tagged as “junk” requester,to whom no further information will be released.

In another aspect of an embodiment, a user creates the online personallibrary on a server connected to a data communication network such asthe Internet. In alternative embodiments, the user may subscribe to aservice provided by an online service provider. In an embodiment, theuser allocates a pre-determined amount of storage space on a storagedevice such as a hard disk. The user can increase this storage space asrequired. Alternatively, the server is preprogrammed to automaticallyincrease the allocated space as the need arises, or after the user paysa subscription fee or a one-time fee for the space.

When such extra space is allocated, in one embodiment, the user isphysically allocated the extra storage space for use to create or expandhis library that could be accessed by requesters. In some embodiments, aprogram limiting the user to use only certain storage space isreprogrammed so that the user is allowed to use a larger space for thelibrary. In one case, the user may control the way in which the libraryis created; requesters may merely use the library according to theschema established by the user. Alternatively, the user may allow arequester to alter the schema as well.

The storage space may be contiguous space in one physical device, or itcould be distributed over a large number of physically separate disksthat are accessible to the user over a network such as a Local AreaNetwork, a Wide Area Network or a public data network. In case where thestorage space is distributed over several physical devices, acontroller—which could be a computer program—allows the user to accesssuch distributed storage space in a transparent manner so that the useror requesters that access the library are unaware of the particularfashion in which the data are stored in a distributed manner over thenetwork.

The library may be partitioned to have a number of directories andsub-directories, identified by labels or icons. The labels or icons maybe implemented as hyper links. Each directory or sub-directory can beeither visible or invisible, or can be separately protected by apassword or other device. In order to establish this method ofprotection, the library schema advantageously uses a plurality oflevels, at least one of the pluralities of levels to be allocated toeach piece of data, at a fine granular level.

Once the user establishes a space to hold information, the servercomputer may assign an address—such as an Internet address in adotted-decimal form or in an alphanumeric format, for example,http://library.serviceprovider.com or library@serviceprovider.com—to theonline library. This Internet address identifies the library to a userthat subsequently accesses the library. The user then is allowed toupload digital items to the library from any computer such as his clientcomputer. The user may direct a third party to transmit a digital itemto the user's library by giving the third party his library'sidentifier. For example, the user may request a service such as e-booksor other type of service by providing an identifier of the digital item,a destination address, which is a library address, an account name,and/or other required identifying or authorizing information such as apassword if necessary. The user or the third party may then manually orvia an automatic process send the digital item to the library viamethods to transmit data such as E-mail, hyper text transfer protocol,file transfer protocol, Unix-to-Unix-Copy program (UUCP), or by draggingand dropping the digital item into the library.

When a requester's device accesses the server, the requester's devicemay first establish a connection, and make a request for a digital itemstored in the library. This may happen by sending a packet of datacontaining a request message to the server. In one embodiment, therequester's identifying information is presented to the server in thepacket or in a second packet. In response, the server may verify therequester's identification information against stored information in adatabase coupled to the server. Thereafter, the server may deliver therequested digital item to the requester's device, or any other devicedesignated by the requester. In the case the digital item is deliveredto a different device, the server may disconnect the requester's device,and thereafter establish a second connection with the designated deviceto deliver the requested digital item.

Depending on the security level of the requester, or security level of apassword that the requester provides, or the type or address (such as anInternet address) of a device used by the requester, the time of day,the day of week, or other criterion established by the user, therequester is authorized to view or access a particular portion of thelibrary. This authorization may enable the requester to perform aselection of such tasks as, in the case of a document, insert, delete ormodify text, images or an audio clip, underline text, highlight or makemargin notes with or without a digital signature, and the like, if therequester is permitted or authorized to do so. As stated above, theauthorization can be separately provided or could be encoded in the typeof password provided to the requester. Under this selectiveauthorization scheme, a requester may be given only a subset of theavailable permissions to perform operations—i.e., the requester may beallowed only to view but not edit a document; only to add to but notdelete from a video clip; only to make margin notes on a document butnot change or underline the original text; make changes that are visibleonly to a select group of persons; and other similar tasks. When arequester edits a document, all other persons in the select group areautomatically notified that a change has been made. In one embodiment,the changes are downloaded to the devices specified—if any—by the group.In other embodiments, the notified persons may subsequently access andretrieve the document to view or further edit the document, or provide asignature of approval or disapproval and store it in the library. Inthis manner, a document may be placed online, edited by one or morerequesters, viewed or approved by others with secure digital signatureswithout the need to meet each other face-to-face.

The present invention may also be used to distribute information to agroup of persons—either a closed subset of known persons or a largeraudience on the network—without violating any copyright or otherrestrictions on items. Where an item is copyrighted, or otherwiserestricted as to the number of requesters that can simultaneously use,or download the item, a locking mechanism is invented. As an example, ifan item has a single-user license—such as the type of license onenormally obtains by purchasing a book, a video tape, or a music CD—andif a first requester accesses the item from the library, the item is“locked” whereby subsequent requesters are prevented from using it. Inthis case, the requester is given a period of time in which to returnthe item, or a reminder is sent to the requester for returning the itemafter use. In other embodiments, the requester may check out the itemfor a predetermined time, for example, one day. The library willestablish an expiration date on the item itself before the item isdownloaded. Thus, when the requester attempts to use the item beyond thepreviously established time period, the item will not be accessible,since the usage period has expired. An embodiment uses a semaphore toestablish this locking mechanism. Another embodiment uses a semaphorecoupled with a digital counter that can be decremented with eachrequester access. Other embodiments are also possible.

In cases where a requester accesses an item that is restricted as to thenumber of simultaneous requesters, for a subsequent requester, the itemwill be shown as available in the library, but “checked out” by anotherrequester. Further, a second requester may enlist his name or address ina “waiting list,” indicating to the library that he preferred to benotified at the address when the item is released or checked in by therequester that is currently using the item. This method can be used toallow a few licenses purchased for a popular music or video item to beshared by a number of requesters by placing the licenses in a pool thatcan be accessed by a larger audience.

In order to enable requesters to access multiple copies, a third-partyuser—i.e., one that is not the user that created the library—may“donate,” “sell,” “assign,” or otherwise “contribute” his license to thelibrary for a limited time or for an unlimited time. For example, aholder of a license can transmit his license code to the personallibrary, which license code can be stored in a license database coupledto the library, thereby allowing the library to provide access to asmany persons as the licenses allow. In one embodiment, a licensecontributed by the third party user may expire after a predeterminedtime. In this case, a software process—such as a timer process—may beactivated to periodically check for any expiration time and disable theenabled license.

Other methods of pooling licenses can be devised to share rights to usethe restricted digital item. Suppose a digital item has a single-userlicense and is loaded to a third party user's personal computer. Thethird party user's computer is connected to a network or otherwisecommunicatively coupled to the server. When a requester wishes to accessthe restricted digital item, the server locks a copy of the item on thethird party user's personal computer and allows the requester to use thedigital item for a predetermined time. The server may accomplish thislocking by downloading a plug-in, an applet or a client program to theclient computer, which program establishes the lock either by making thelicense inaccessible to any other user, or by physically removing thelicense file from the client computer for the duration. Suchlicense-pooling method may include a method of locking copies of arestricted digital item distributed over the Internet.

Suppose a requester accesses the library using a device that is capableof retrieving and using a digital item without any need for furtherformatting, the digital item is downloaded to the device directly. When,on the other hand, a requester's device requires further formatting,software resident on the server computer or the device may initiate ahandshaking protocol to establish the type of formatting required. Forexample, the requester's device may be capable of handling only atext-based interface, only a certain types of images such as only MPEGimages, has a limited storage capability, or a limited viewing area. Therequester's device may have other limitations on resources such as sizeand type of memory device; attached or attachable storage devices;input/output capability such as pointing device; voice recognition;text-to-speech capability; video input/output capability; numeric oralphanumeric keyboard; processing power; type of operating environment;whether or not a downloaded item can be locally executed; type ofencryption/decryption; type of data communication or other protocolhandled; file types; type and size of the viewing area or the like. Inthis case, the server determines the appropriate protocol that can beused and formats the digital item to fit the device that accesses theinformation. In an embodiment, the server formats the contentappropriately to fit the requirements of the requester's device. Toaccomplish this, the server may have a formatter program that formatsthe digital item before downloading. In such cases, the serverpreferably has a database of required formats specified, and storedrules for formatting. In case a different data communication protocol isto be used to enable the requester device to access a requested digitalitem, the server may select an appropriate protocol translator—theserver invokes the selected translator, inputs the digital item to theselected translator, and directs the output to the requester's device.

In other embodiments, for example, where the requester's device accessesthe server to download the digital item for storage and later use, theremay not be any need for pre-formatting by the server; the item can bedownloaded and the requester may perform the translation locally at theclient. The requester in this case may access the digital item from theserver and translate it into a required local format after downloadingan appropriate translator from either the server or a third-partysupplier. In further alternative embodiments, the digital item may bedelivered to the requester device via a streaming technique, bystreaming video or audio to the device, if the requester device issuitably equipped.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will be more readily understood in the following detaileddescription of the preferred embodiments and the appended claims with areference to the drawings, where like numbers indicate like parts in theseveral views shown, and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an architecture comprising a server computer 100, a usercomputer 104 and a requester computer 106 communicatively coupled to acommunication network 102;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of steps included in a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 3 is an illustrative web page for a user enrollment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a web page that allows a user to create an entry foran online library;

FIG. 5 depicts an example of the contents of a request message to add anitem to an online library;

FIG. 6 is an architecture illustrating the act of dragging and droppinga digital item X from a source computer 610 to a target computer 100;and

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary architecture of a number of computers engagedin license-pooling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, a server computer 100 configured in accordance withthe principles of the present invention is communicatively coupled to acommunication network 102 such as the Internet. Also coupled to thecommunication network 102 is a user 103 operating a user computer 104and a requester 105 operating a requester computer 106.

The server computer 100 illustratively comprises a microprocessor suchas a Compaq® Alpha™ microprocessor, a disk drive, a memory such as asemiconductor memory, and runs an operating system such as Windows-NT™or Linux. The server computer 100 is additionally equipped with a datacommunications device such as a 3-COM™ network card to connect to thenetwork 102. In general, the connection to the network 102 can beestablished via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a directconnection. In a preferred embodiment, the server computer 100 isconnected to the network 102 via a high-speed connection such as DigitalSubscriber Line.

The server computer 100 is configured to function as a web server. Theweb server is typically a general purpose computer such as the servercomputer running software to interface with the Internet using sockets.Commercial suppliers such as Netscape® Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif.make available such web server software. Additionally, such web serversoftware can also be downloaded and configured free of charge from somesources such as Apache.

Additional programs such as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs 107reside on the server computer. The CGI programs 106 provide forcommunication and interaction between a user computer 104 and the servercomputer 100 via the network 102. These CGI programs 107, coupled withdata communications software programs, are configured to receive packetsof messages from computers connected to the network 102, decipher theinformation in the packets, and act according to instructions providedin the packets within the constraints imposed by an administratormanaging the server computer 100.

In addition to performing the tasks of receiving and sending packets ofdata from and to the computers connected to the Internet, the CGIprograms 107 are configured to perform other tasks such as communicatewith a database 108 coupled to the server computer 100, and extract orstore information in the database 108 according to the softwareinstructions provided within the server computer 100 or in the packetsreceived from the network 102. Persons skilled in the art can programthese CGI programs 107 using programming tools and languages such as C,C++, Java, Perl and Shell scripts.

In an embodiment of the invention, the database 108 comprises arelational database management system, preferably, but not necessarily,with software code to enable Java Database Connectivity. Examples ofsuch products include those marketed by the Oracle Corporation ofSunnyvale, Calif. It should additionally be noted that in an alternativeembodiment the database 108 is not needed, or it could comprise softwareprograms executing on the server computer 100.

The server computer 100 is configured to receive request messages fromthe user computer 104 over the internet in the Hyper Text TransferProtocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or any similar protocolused to transfer data, video, voice or a combination of these media.After analyzing the request messages, the server computer 100 isconfigured to transmit in response messages that include “web pages”that are programmed in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) or a similarlanguage.

Embedded in these web pages are components such as documents, scripts,objects, and frames that are configured to display colorful graphicalimages on a display device coupled to the user computer 104. Personsskilled in the art know how to make web pages using programminglanguages or tools such as HTML, Cold Fusion™, Java®, Java Script™,Active Server Pages™, Dynamic HTML, the various markup languages such asExtensible Markup Language (XML), and similar others.

The user computer 104 is equipped with suitable devices and programs toconnect to the network 102. In alternative embodiments, the usercomputer 104 is other device capable of establishing a communication inconjunction with other similar or dissimilar devices over acommunication network such as the network 102. Examples of othercommercially available digital interactive devices that are contemplatedto function in place of the user computer 104 include a telephone, aWebTV™ device marketed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; aPalm Pilot™ device marketed by 3-COM Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.,or other similar device; the device used in conjunction with theWireless Web™ service from the Sprint Corporation of Westwood, Kans.; ora Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)-enabled device such as the devicemarketed by @Motion.com used in conjunction with Wireless Internetservice provided by companies such as Phone.com and supported byprotocols such as Wireless Markup Language, Mobile Phone MarkupLanguage. Nokia, Motorola, Ericsson, and other companies manufacturesuch compatible wireless handset devices.

In one embodiment, the user computer 104 is a digital interactive devicesuch as a personal computer comprising a processor similar to aPentium-III® microprocessor, a display device such as a flat paneldisplay or a CRT, a memory such as semiconductor memory, a storagedevice such as a disk drive, an input device such as a keyboard, and apointing device such as a mouse. In other embodiments, there could beprovided a microphone or other speech input device and a voice or speechrecognizer coupled to the user computer 104, whereupon a user 103 couldprovide input to the user computer 104 using spoken word commands.Currently, several commercial products are available—either hardware orsoftware or a combination of both—that could be configured to performspeech or voice recognition of spoken words to perform severalnavigational functions with respect to the web. An example is theproduct Dragon Dictate™ marketed by Dragon Systems, Inc. of Newton,Mass. In the following, the word “selection” includes clicking a mouseor other pointing device coupled to the user computer 104 at least once;typing at least one character on a keyboard; allowing for a timer toexpire; speaking at least one voice command into a microphone coupled tothe user computer 104; or touching at least one area on atouch-sensitive screen and other equivalent methods.

In the embodiments described below, a user 103 can navigate the network102 using either a graphical or a text-based navigational software.Additionally, in a preferred embodiment, the user computer 104 isconfigured to navigate the network 102 via a browser such as InternetExplorer™ marketed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Opera™,available at www.opera.com is a browser configured to enable viewing XMLdocuments. Other browsers such as virtual reality browsers can be usedto obtain a three-dimensional experience of the network 102. An exampleof a text-based browser can be found in the software program Lynx, whichis available free of charge.

The requester computer 106 comprises a processor such as a Pentium IIImicroprocessor, a memory such as semiconductor memory, a storage devicesuch as a hard drive, and optionally, a display device such as a CRT oran LCD display, a communications interface device such as a network cardto enable connection to the network 102 either directly or via anInternet Service Provider. In alternative embodiments, the requestercomputer 106 could be a Java Chip enabled terminal device such as aprinter directly coupled to the Internet using a protocol such as theInternet Printing Protocol, so that information objects could bedirectly downloaded and printed on the printer upon transmission by theserver computer 100. Preferably, in such cases, there is equipped in therequester computer 106 such additional software as a handshake protocolto ensure a safe delivery of information objects.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention described herein is implementedprincipally on the server computer 100 and the user 103 interacts withthe server computer 100 via a browser program executing on the usercomputer 104. Similarly, the requester 105 also interacts with theserver computer 100 via the requester computer 106.

I. Gathering, Updating and Storing Personal Information

Referring to FIG. 2, the steps included in a preferred embodiment of theinvented system are described. During an initialization step (step 200),in a preferred embodiment, a Personal Information Repository ServiceProvider (PIRSP) operates the server computer 100. In alternativeembodiments, there is no service provider such as the PIRSP; and thereare other methods of providing such service, such as establishing apersonal web site for each user 103, said personal web site comprisinginformation that can be accessed only by an authorized requester 105 ina secure manner; establishing a personal database coupled eitherdirectly to the Internet or accessible via the Internet or othercommunication network; or retrieving information stored elsewheremanually or in an automatic fashion.

Preferably, the PIRSP makes it known to a user 103 that it provides atrusted information repository service. In preferred and alternativeembodiments, the PIRSP announces that its services are available free,or for a fee, and in the latter case, the fee is calculated based on aper transaction basis, or on a subscription basis, either from usersthat store information or from entities that request such information.Other embodiments comprise direct or vicarious payment methods forutilizing the services provided by the PIRSP. These payment methodsinclude an agreement between the PIRSP and the user 103 to generateadditional or alternative sources of revenue for the PIRSP viaadvertisements, referrals, introductions, chain marketing methods andthe like.

In this application, any piece of information, however small ingranularity or however agglomerated, is referred to as an “informationobject.” Information objects can be implemented in an object-orientedmanner, for example, each tuple or a field could be implemented as anobject, a data structure or in any other manner known to persons skilledin the art.

Configuring and Database

In a preferred embodiment, the database 108 is a distributed databasecomprising several components (not shown) such as transaction manager,concurrency controller, memory manager, or a query optimizer. Thedatabase 108 is distributed over a large geographical area at severalnodes, preferably by partitioning the tables and/or the tuples accordingto the needs of either the requesters or of the users in each node. Thetables or the tuples can be partitioned either vertically orhorizontally to enable fast and easy local access. In alternativeembodiments, the database 108 is located at a single place.

In the following, a relational database model comprising sets of tuples,meta-data definitions for the tuples, and for other parts of thedatabase organizational schema are described. It should be noted,however, that while a relational database model is described in thepreferred embodiment, in alternative embodiments other methods of datadefinition, which are known to persons skilled in the art, are used.Preferably, the database 108 is configured to comprise a set ofrelations among several pieces of the user's personal information. Theserelations are shown in the following as tables according to thefollowing schema. The schema for these tables can be designed by personsskilled in the art.

It should be noted that the user's social security number or alias canillustratively be used as primary keys to access the information fromthe tables. Other methods, such as date of birth, mother's maiden name,finger print scan, retina scan, or a combination of these methods can beused in other embodiments. The types of fields used in the illustrationinclude Number [0-9]; Character [A-Za-z0-9 and other special characterssuch as ASCII characters]; and multimedia methods of storage for othertypes of data.

TABLE 1 Name and Address Field Name Field Type Field Length First NameCharacter 16 Last Name Character 16 Middle Name/Initial Character 10Office Address Character 22 Work Phone Number 10 Mobile Phone Number 10Social Security Number* Number 9 Mother's Maiden Name* Character 16

TABLE 2 Identity and Security Identity type Field Type Field LengthSocial Security Number* Number 9 Mother's Maiden Name* Character 16Password Character 16 Password reminder string Character 22 E-mailAddress Character 22

The asterisk (*) indicates that the fields could form a primary key tothe table. In a preferred embodiment, each field in each tuple isassigned a security classification, the details of which will bediscussed below with reference to security. Referential integrity andEntity integrity of the information objects stored in these tables ispreferably ensured. Tables can be joined according to well-knowntechniques such as inner and outer joins. Combining information objectsfrom several tables can form views on tables. The tables, once formedare preferably normalized to make an efficient usage of the space.

Other tables, the schema for which are not described, are established tostore information such as user's contact information (comprising homeand work address, telephone and facsimile numbers, address of a nearestrelative in case of an emergency, personal web home page address,personal web bookmarks, design of a portal); employment-relatedinformation (employer name, address, job title, job classification,salary range, supervisor's name and phone number, and the like);personal demographic information (sex, age, date of birth, maritalstatus, spouse information); property-related information (own/renthome, amount of money in various bank accounts, ownership of stocks orother securities, property ownership information, personal property suchas car, boat, private jet, and other details); health relatedinformation (types of medication currently used, surgeries undergone,type of drugs that tend to cause allergic reactions, smoking/drinkinghabits, hospitalization information, status of the several parts of thebody, dental records, eye care information, genetic information, familymedical history, etc); biometric information (retina scan, samples ofspeech, finger prints, DNA sequences, and other information); creditrelated information (rent/mortgage payments, landlord/lender's name,address, phone number, credit card information and the like); personalpreferences (movies, travel, books, frequent flier club memberships,important dates such as birthdays, anniversary dates, magazinesubscriptions, etc); preferences such as choice of long-distancecompany, the features used in one's telephone service such as callwaiting, call forwarding, three-way calling; names of friends and familymembers; travel preferences such as preferred airline, class of travel,whether an aisle or a window seat is preferred, whether a rental car isrequired, what size car is required; hotel preferences such assmoking/non-smoking section, any wake-up call is required, and if so, atwhat time, the type of amenities preferred or required at the hotel;pleasure-related preferences such as tee-time at a golf course, theaterpreferences, seat preferences, etc; or preferences for billing andpayment methods (cash, credit/debit card, and the like). It should benoted that the type of information that can be stored in these tablescan be unlimited. There is no requirement that all the pieces ofinformation need to be furnished, since a requester 105 of informationwill be provided only that which is made available with the data base130 or that which is authorized to be released to the requester 105.

A requester 105 that requests information also identifies himself andpresents authorization from the user 103. Tables are also devised tostore such requester's identification and authorization information forstorage in the database 108. All accesses of information are recorded togenerate a verifiable audit trail. Tables to store such auditinformation are designed in the database 108, preferably in a securepartition reachable only by persons with a very high security clearance.

Configuring the Server Computer

In a preferred embodiment, the server computer 100 is configured—inaddition to being configured as a web server—to include a number ofmodules: a user account establishment module 610; a user accountmanagement module 112; a personal information collection module 114; arequest reception module 116; an authorization verification module 118;a security module 120; a database interface module 130; a statisticsmodule 140; and a report generation module 150. The server computer 100preferably includes a trusted computer base (TCB) comprising a securekernel, which includes the security module 120. Most of the securityrelevant code is stored in the secure kernel. All security relevantevents are audited, recorded. Further, events that signal any breach ofsecurity are defined and programmed. Upon the occurrence of such anevent, an action, including sending an alarm to a predefined entity orperson, is performed. Preferably, the modules are implemented asindependent memory-resident processes—such as UNIX™ processes—capable ofcommunicating with each other using inter-process communicationfacilities such as queues, semaphores, sockets, pipes, shared memory andthe like. Persons skilled in the art can program these modules usingprogramming languages and techniques such as C, C++, Java or EnterpriseJava Beans. It should be noted that the number, nature and functionalityof the modules described herein could be differently designed by otherdesigners, and therefore should not be a limiting factor in construingthe invention.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, in a preferred embodiment, the user 103accesses the PIRSP's web site whereupon the server computer 100 firstestablishes a secure connection with the user computer 104 (step 202).

The server computer 100 comprises at least one of a plurality of webpages such as the web page 300, which are displayed on the user computer104. When the web page 300 is displayed, the user 103 is allowed to setup an account with the PIRSP, by entering his name or other identifierin a first text field 302, optionally entering a password string in asecond text field 304 and selecting a push button 310 to transmit theweb page 300 to the server computer 100 (step 204). In otherembodiments, the user 103 provides information to the PIRSP, whichinformation comprises a name, a billing address, a contact E-mailaddress.

The CGI programs 107 executing on the server computer 100 receive theweb page 300, and invoke the user account establishment module 610 tocreate a new account for the user 103. This process includes allocatingan account number to the user 103, which account number is preferablystored in the database 108 (step 206). In a preferred embodiment, theCGI programs 107 perform this process of receiving and transmittingpackets of data during all interactions with the server computer 100.Therefore, in the following, this description is omitted.

The user account management module 112 comprises code configured torecord every access of the user's personal information by the user 103in the database 108. This establishes an audit trail for a subsequentuse (step 208).

The user 103 thereafter enters his personal information such as the kindof information described before, by entering the information via text orother selections made in web pages displayed by the server computer 100(step 210). It should be noted that since many areas of personalinformation can be stored by the user 103, it is not required that allsuch information be entered by the user 103 at one time. For example,the user 103 may initially wish to store his travel preferences andnothing else. This could be because he contemplates travel and wishes toprovide this information to his travel agent. Later, the user 103 mayenter his medical information and store it in appropriate tables sincehe wishes to visit his doctor. In this manner, at various times, theuser 103 may furnish different aspects of personal information, whichwill be stored for a future use after it is entered once.

The user account management module additionally allows the user 103 tochange or to update the user's password, address, telephone number orany other information. The user can change or update his personalinformation any time after the account is established. Preferably, theuser can also provide a list of entities that should be notified foreach change. In one embodiment, each information object that is changedor updated is notified to a list of authorized recipients automatically.In another embodiment, a change or an update is provided to a requester105 when a request is made.

The user account management module 112 optionally allows the user 103 toselect a payment plan for the services rendered by the PIRSP, block anyrequest if the user 103 is in default of a payment, obtain credit cardor other verification, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, thepayment plans for the user 103 depend on the number of securityclassifications the user 103 has chosen, the number and nature of theinformation objects stored by the user 103, the number of requests forinformation received, the number of accesses or updates made by the user103 to view and/or change the information objects, the type of customerservice requested, the number of entities to which any changes are to benotified, the resources utilized by the user 103, or a combination ofthese and similar types of activities.

Preferably after user enrollment, the personal information collectionmodule 114 obtains control of the program execution and presents theuser 103 with at least one of a series of web pages. These web pagesallow the user 103 to provide information to store in correspondingtables described above. In other embodiments, the user provides hisinformation in a paper form, which is entered by the PIRSP into thedatabase 108. Preferably, the user 103 also provides a securityclassification for each information object, at the tuple or at the fieldlevel; by selecting a radio button or a check box for each informationobject. In a preferred embodiment, there are a predetermined number ofsecurity classifications; in other embodiments, there could be anumerical value given to each class of security desired, and the higherthe numerical value, the greater is the security classification. Nosecurity classification may imply that the information can be releasedfreely to the requester 105, if the user's name is specified.

After the user 103 fills out the web page forms displayed on the clientcomputer 100, the web pages are transmitted to the server computer 100,whereupon the CGI programs 107 receive, parse, and deliver portions ofdata to the database interface module 130 which stores portions of dataentered by the user 103 as information objects in the database 108 inappropriate tables. In a preferred embodiment, the information objectsthat could be stored in a plurality of tables are collected from theuser 103 in a single web page form. In other embodiments, each table oreach part of a table can be separately populated with an informationobject or several objects retrieved from a single web page. In analternative embodiment, the series of web pages can be displayed asframed or overlapping web pages and the user 103 preferably navigatesfrom one page to another page by simply clicking on a predetermined areaon a web page.

Preferably, the user 103 obtains from the server computer 100 at leastone key to access his personal information. In one aspect, the key isprovided to an authorized entity to enable access of the user's personalinformation stored in the database 108. There could be a number of typesof authorization keys obtainable by the user: a one-time-use-onlyauthorization key, a multiple use authorization key, a qualifiedauthorization key, and others. In another aspect, the attributes encodedin the authorization key allow the release of a specific type ofinformation from the server computer 100. Preferably, these encodedattributes of the authorization key—such as, how many times theauthorization can be used to obtain access, what information isaccessible using the authorization, any expiration time on the password,whether or not the trustworthiness of the requester is a preconditionbefore releasing the information and the like. In a preferredembodiment, the user 103 specifies these criteria and requests a keyfrom the server computer 100. The key is preferably a string ofalphanumeric characters of sufficient length as to prevent beingdeciphered easily by unscrupulous persons. In other embodiments, theauthorization key is preferably encrypted, comprise a spoken word orphrase, a finger print scan, a retina scan, DNA identification, or otherforms of identification. These keys could be used in a case such as whenthe user 103 is unconscious, and an immediate need exists to obtainmedical or other information in order to save the patient.

In a preferred embodiment, the database interface module 130 comprisescode to establish and verify security classification for eachinformation object stored in the database. Preferably, for eachinformation object, which could be a field, a row, a column, a tuple, oran entire table, a security classification is provided, which is markedon the object. This security classification is preferably an explicitand well-defined policy enforced by the security module 120. Individualaccesses of each information object are recorded in the database 108.Each requester is clearly identified and an explicit audit trail foreach access is recorded in the database 108. In another aspect, thedatabase interface module 130 operates as a reference monitor as well.The reference monitor mediates all accesses of requests for informationobjects. Other methods of ensuring security include establishing accesscontrol lists for each level of a multi-level security system; a systemsuch as the Signed Document Markup Language (SDML); usage of trusted andknown sources such as well-known companies as the requesters, public keyencryption, third-party authentication, and other similar techniques.

In a preferred embodiment, potential requesters are also enrolled by thePIRSP in a similar manner as described for the user 103 (step 214). Theserver computer 100 establishes accounts for potential requesters,allocates identifiers, authenticates their trustworthiness and enablesthem to establish a payment/billing plan for accessing informationobjects stored by the user 103. In one embodiment, where there are anumber of users, statistical information, rather than individual piecesof information objects are offered for sale to potential requesters. Inother embodiments, the potential requesters do not establish accountswith the PIRSP, and will pay as they go for each access of informationas described below.

In an embodiment, the user 103 provides his identifier and a securepassword, to a requester 105. This could be done, for example, when theuser 103 decides to provide a travel agent or a tailor that his personaltravel preferences or style and measurements can be obtained from theserver computer 100 operated by the PIRSP. In one embodiment, therequester's web page (not shown) comprises an area, selecting which theuser 103 can specify that his information can be obtained from thePIRSP's web site. Preferably, the user 103 provides his identifier, aspecific authorization—for example to fetch the travel preferences orthe medical history and nothing else—and requests the requester 105 toobtain his personal information from the PIRSP. The requester computer106 is configured to receive this authorization over a secure channel,and to initiate a request to the PIRSP for the user's personalinformation.

In an alternative embodiment, the requester 105 requests the user 103manually to fill out a form. This may happen in cases where the user 103visits a doctor's office, or attempts to establish an appointment withthe doctor's office. The doctor's office, which could be enrolled withthe PIRSP, may request that the user 103 provide personal informationvia the PIRSP. The user 103 provides the requester 105 his identifierand authorization to obtain the information from the PIRSP.

II. Securely Disbursing Personal Information

In one embodiment, the PIRSP publicly discloses the database schema, sothat any requester 105 can specify the type of information by naming thetable and the fields that they want. In other embodiments, the actualdatabase schema are kept secret, but the nature of information that ismade available for access by a requester is announced to potentialrequesters.

The requester 105 preferably establishes a secure connection with theserver computer 100 and presents the user's identifier and authorizationto the server computer 100 (step 216). Preferably, this process includesthe following steps. First, a session with an encrypted Secure SocketLayer connection is established between the requester computer 106 andthe server computer 100. Second, the requester 105 transmits at leastone packet of data to the server computer 100, said packet of datacomprising its identification, its electronic address (either dotteddecimal form or other forms), any processor identifier of the requestercomputer 106. The server computer 100 receives these data and recordsthem in the database 108 along with the time and date when the requestis made. Third, the requester computer 106 is configured to present theuser's identifier and authorization to the server computer.Alternatively, the requester 105 sends a secure electronic mail (E-mail)to the server computer 100. The secure E-mail contains a useridentifier, a user-provided authorization key or password, and a requestin the form of a database query.

In an alternative embodiment, the requester 105 can be the same as theuser 103, such as in case the user 103 wishes to store information forhimself, e.g., personal or business phone numbers, E-mail addresses, andother similar information typically stored in a person's wallet,frequent flier numbers, passwords to debit cards, preferences and thelike. In this case, an authorization is not required for the user 103 toview information objects stored by him.

Preferably, after authenticating the requester 105, and if the requester105 is determined to be a genuine entity, a security level is assignedto the requester's request (step 218). The security module 120 verifiesthe security classification for each field or information objectrequested before releasing it to the requester 105. Preferably, aninformation object is released to the requester only if the requester'ssecurity classification is at least that of the information objectrequested. Otherwise, the request is discarded and the attempt by therequester 105 is recorded as a failed request.

In a preferred embodiment, a requester that makes a predetermined numberof unauthorized or failed requests is tagged as “junk” requester. Thejunk requester's identification information is stored in the database108. A further request from this junk requester is ignored or an alarmmessage is generated to take an appropriate action (step 220).

The security module 120 preferably performs authentication andverification by assigning a numerical value to the requester 105. Anyauthorization from the user 103 presented by the requester 105 is alsoassigned a numerical value. Further, each information object that therequester 105 wishes to access from the server computer 100 is alsoassigned a numerical value. Preferably, these numerical values representa corresponding security level for each entity or item to which thevalue is assigned. In alternative embodiments, numerical valuesrepresenting security levels are also assigned to the entities fromwhere the request arrived at the server computer 100 such as therequester computer 106 and the network 102. The security module 120thereafter examines the security levels of each entity included in thedata transfer process (transaction) to determine the overall securitylevel for the transaction. In a preferred embodiment, any requestedinformation is released to a requester only if the security level of therequester 105 is at least that of all information objects requested. Inother embodiments, only those information objects that are at or belowthe security level of the requester 105 are released to the requester.

In a preferred embodiment, the requester 105 formulates a query, in areadily executable form, preferably in a language such as the StructuredQuery Language. In other embodiments, the query by the requester 105 isa listing of the information objects requested. The database interfacemodule 130 then executes at least one of a series of queries to extractthe information sought by the requester 105 (step 222). The queryoptimizer included in the database 108 optimally retrieves the storedinformation after verifying the security level of the request, with thesecurity level designated by the user 103 for an information object.

The security module 120 and the database interface module 130 useseveral alternative methods of accessing information. In one method, thedatabase interface module 130 retrieves an information object if thesecurity level of that information object is at or below the securitylevel for the request and that of the authorization. In anotherembodiment, a data base view is automatically defined to extract allindividually classified information objects, and in this case, if thesecurity level of an information object is above the security level forthe request, a blank entry is returned. Alternatively, the databaseinterface module 130 may insert an indication instead of a blank entry,which indication specifies that either the information is not available,or it is available for a requester with a higher security level, and thelike.

In another embodiment, the user 103 requests the PIRSP to disburseinformation to the requester 105 using an electronic means (step 224).In this case, the user is authenticated and the information objects aredownloaded or transmitted to the requester 105, preferably via secureE-mail, file transfer protocol, after establishing a circuit-switchedconnection, facsimile, U.S. mail or any other method.

Preferably, the requester 105 is forbidden from reselling orretransmitting the information, or using it beyond an expiration dateset either by the user 103 or by the PIRSP. Preferably, to ensure this,information objects are copyrighted or otherwise contractuallyprotected. Further, this could be a selling point to users, since thePIRSP not only guarantees the safety of the stored information, but inaddition controls how this information is used.

In one embodiment, the requester 105 is charged a fee for receiving theinformation objects, on a per object basis, or on a subscription basisor for receiving statistical reports. The PIRSP may provide an incentiveto the user 103 by paying the user 103 a portion of the fee to the user103. In another embodiment, a requester may receive statistical reportsuch as “how many male golf players between the ages 22 and 55 in thezip code 20006 are interested in trading stocks?” The statistics module140 and report generation module 150 make appropriate queries in thedatabase 108 and obtain the information. Preferably such statisticalinformation is considered secure unless it has a tendency to reveal toomuch about the user's behavior. Thus, so long as information isaggregated and can remain anonymous, it may be released to potentialrequesters to assist marketing of products/services.

The user 103 may change or update his personal information. Examples ofchanges could be address or telephone number changes, and the like. Somechanges are effective at a future date. Some information is updatedeither by the user 103 or by a third party (not shown). An example ofsuch updated information is medical information. When the user 103 makesthe changes, he makes these by accessing the server computer 100 website and entering his information as described above. The user 103elects or designates any requesters or recipients of changenotifications. The server computer 100 automatically retrieves theinformation objects that changed and notifies the designated requestersor recipients via secure E-mail, or other methods indicated above (step226). In alternative embodiments, notification messages are left in mailboxes located on the server computer 100 and owned by requesters. Eachchange notification is recorded in the database 108 for audit trailpurposes.

In a preferred embodiment, every time an information object is accessed,an entry is made into the database 108 and a secure audit trailestablished (step 228). This audit trail is preferably designed to trackthe activities of the PIRSP as well as the activities of the user 103and the requester 105. This ensures that a clear audit is preserved todetermine and prevent any misuse of personal information. Preferablysuch audit trail is established by programming in the secure kernelincluded in the server computer 100. All activities are stored in aspecially partitioned area of the database 108 and are read-only afterwritten by any process.

Creating an Online Personal Library

Referring now to FIG. 1, the computer architecture may also be used toimplement an online personal library.

As has been described above, two different roles for a person areenvisioned to describe the principles of the present disclosure: (1) a“user,” who is a person or a computer program that creates oreffectively “owns” or controls the online personal library or a part ofthe library; and (2) a “requester”, who is a person or a computerprogram that accesses the information stored in the personal libraryestablished by the user. Further, there is a service provider, whichcould be a person, a company or a computer program that establishes aserver computer (“server”) and allows users to use the server to create,maintain and operate the personal library. The service provider is notan essential entity to enable the principles of the present invention.The user and the requester may be the same entity, but performingdifferent roles. Alternatively the service provider could establish theonline library according to the principles described herein and allowrequesters to access the items stored in the library. In anotherembodiment, the requester and the user could be separate entities.

In an embodiment, as described above, a user 103 (operating a usercomputer 104) establishes a connection with a data communication network102. Then the user computer 104 establishes a link with the server 100and creates an online personal library by utilizing a multi-level securedata storage and retrieval system such as the system described above. Inalternative embodiments, the user 103 may subscribe to a service offeredby a Library Service Provider (LSP) who operates the server 100. Thiscan be accomplished by establishing an online account with the LSP in amanner similar to that described previously with reference to the PIRSP.

Table 3 depicts an example of a table schema that storesmeta-information for the items stored in the library.

TABLE 3 Name and Address Field Name Field Type Field Length User Name *Character 16 User ID (if other than Name) Character 16 PasswordCharacter 10 File Name Character 22 File Type Character 20 SecurityLevel Number 10 Permissions List Character 20

In both the above cases, the user 103 is presented with a series of webpages using which the user 103 creates or allocates a pre-determinedamount of storage space on the database 108 or a storage device coupledto the server 100. The library can be organized as a flat file, indexedfile, a hierarchically organized file system, or a relational database.

When flat file architecture is used, the library is advantageouslypartitioned to have a number of directories and sub-directories,identified by labels or icons. The labels or icons are preferablyimplemented as hyperlinks. Each directory or sub-directory can bedesigned to be either visible or invisible, or can be separatelyprotected by a password or other method. In order to establish thismethod of protection, the library schema advantageously uses a pluralityof levels, at least one of the levels to be allocated to each piece ofdata, at a fine granular level. In an alternative embodiment, the usermay control the way in which the library is created; requesters maymerely use the library according to the schema established by the user.Alternatively, the user 103 may grant permissions allowing a requester105 to alter the schema as well.

On the other hand, the library may be modeled in the form of arelational database, in which case, appropriate database schema aredesigned to create the library. Tables can be created to hold digitalitems that comprise the library. A different table can be advantageouslyused to hold a digital item of a particular type, for example, a tablethat holds all ASCII text items, a table that holds all Motion PicturesExpert Group (MPEG)-formatted items, and the like. Other tables can bedefined to hold access restrictions for a particular type of item, anypermissions granted to a user or a requester, and the like. Alternativeembodiments may include a hybrid type of items in a single table, whichcould be designed based on such other criteria as the type ofrestrictions imposed on a requester who wishes to access the item, andothers.

Once the user 103 establishes a space to hold information, the servercomputer may assign an address—such as an Internet address in adotted-decimal form or in an alphanumeric format, for example,http://library.serviceprovider.com or library@serviceprovider.com—to theonline library. This Internet address identifies the library to a userthat subsequently accesses the library. The user 103 uploads digitalitems to the library from any computer such as his user computer 104.

Referring to FIG. 4, a sample web page 400 containing fields that a user103 can specify to create catalogue information for items stored—orabout to be stored—in the library. Such a catalogue allows the user 103to search for the information. The catalogue information containsidentification information for the file—such as the name of the author,its ISBN or Dewey Decimal Number, if any, year of publication, sourcewhere it is copied, and the like—in addition to the name of library 402where it is stored, its overall security level 404, file type 406,permissions granted to different classes of users 408, and such otherinformation. It should be noted that not all information may benecessary for an item to be stored in the library, and in some cases,where information is incomplete, default values can be assigned tosecurity levels, file name and file types as determined by the LSP or acomputer program. This catalogue information can be stored in thedatabase 108 in a table such as Table 3.

The user may direct a third party to transmit a digital item to theuser's library by giving the third party his library's identifier. Forexample, the user may request a service such as e-books or other type ofservice by providing an identifier of the digital item, a destinationaddress, which is a library address, an account name, and/or otherrequired identifying or authorizing information such as a password ifnecessary. The user or the third party may then manually or via anautomatic process send the digital item to the library via methods totransmit data such as E-mail, remote copy program (rcp), hyper texttransfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (ftp),Unix-to-Unix-Copy program (UUCP), cut-and paste, copy-and-paste, ordrag-and-drop and the like.

Among the various methods of transmitting a digital item to be added tothe library, E-mail, rcp, HTTP, ftp, and UUCP are well known to personsof ordinary skill in the art. Typically, in these methods, a user,(which could be a computer program or a person) initiates a connectionfrom a first computer (such as a source where the digital item isstored) to a second computer (such as the server where the item is to becopied) by transmitting a Connection_Request message in accordance withan appropriate protocol such as the TCP/IP. Then, the source computersends the digital item to the destination computer by eitherencapsulating the item in a packet or a series of packets depending onthe method used. After a connection is established, there could be anexchange of a password that allows the source computer to access secureareas on the destination computer. These details are known to personsskilled in the art and do not need repetition here.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the contents of a request to add an item to thelibrary by a user 103 are shown. In one embodiment, the request to addincludes identification and classification information for the digitalitem. Further, if the item is not included as an attachment to therequest to add message, a source from where the item is to be copied isalso specified, along with any required password, authorization, orauthentication information that is required to retrieve the digital itemfrom the source and securely transmit and store it in the library.

Dragging and Dropping a Digital Item to the Library

Persons skilled in the art know some methods of implementing thecopy-and-paste protocol or the drag-and-drop protocol. In the case ofthe drag-and-drop into the library, the user computer 104 and the server100 may be coupled to homogenous or heterogeneous networks. Further,suppose the user 103 is browsing a network 102 such as the Internet. Theuser 103 illustratively uses a browser program running on the usercomputer 104 to establish a connection with a first web site, forexample, the web site http://www.pennar.com.

Referring now to FIG. 6, for the sake of illustration and not by way oflimitation, we call the first computer the “source” computer 610 and thecomputer where the digital item is stored the target computer 100 (whichis the server computer that has the library). Suppose that the user 103wishes to store a web page 610′ from the source computer 610 by copyingthe web page X to the target 100. By storing a copy of the web page X inthe library, the user 103 may be able to access it at a later date, evenif the page is deleted from the source computer 610. It should be notedthat though the discussion herein is related to storing or transmittinga web page, the present invention is not limited only to storing webpages. Instead, the principles of the invention are applicable to anydigital item or items.

As a preliminary step, the user computer 104 and the destination serverare assumed to support the basic mechanism for the drag-and-dropprotocol, which is preferably implemented using an event handlermechanism. To implement the drag-and-drop, the server 100 may downloadan event handler software program (not shown in FIG. 6) executable onthe user computer 104. This event handler tracks events that aregenerated on the user computer 104. An event is an occurrence on acomputer that generates an interrupt that can be handled by a programrunning on the computer such as the operating system, or by theprocessor. Events occur as a result of an action or inaction—such as theuser does not respond to a request within a previously determined timeperiod, causing a timeout event. Some common examples of events includemouse movements—mouse enter, mouse leave—button press, button release,button click, double click, key press, key release, and timeout. Aprogrammer of ordinary skill in the art can define these events, theduration of time that constitutes a particular event, and events thatcan be ignored by the event handler. An event can be captured bysoftware (running, for example on the user computer 104 or on thebrowser program). After an event is captured, the event handler programis invoked. The event handler takes the appropriate action, such ascopying information into a buffer, and allowing the information to bepasted or transmitted to a destination. The source web site need not,but may, support the mechanism for drag-and-drop.

When the user 103 accesses the source, the user computer 104 may displaya web page 610′ or a link to the web page 610′ on the user computer 104.The user 103 may make a selection—such as clicking a designated mousebutton—to indicate that he wishes to transmit the information pointed bythe browser to the library created on server 100. As shown in FIG. 6, inone embodiment, the user 103 may open two windows 610′ and 100′ on theuser computer 104, and execute two browser programs—one in each window.Then the user 103 navigates to an appropriate source location on window610′ to locate the digital item X of interest. The user 103 alsonavigates to an appropriate location on window 100′ to identify an areain the library 100 at which he wishes to store a copy of the digitalitem X.

Then the user 103 executes an appropriate sequence of selections—whichmay include any combination of mouse button click, a key press, a voicecommand, or any other input method known to persons skilled in theart—to drag and drop, cut-and-paste, or copy-and-paste the digital itemX from window 610′ to the window 100′. As has been mentioned above, inalternative embodiments, the user may specify the address of the targetcomputer 100 and accomplish transmittal of a copy of the digital itemfrom source 610′ to target 100 via E-mail, ftp, rcp, UUCP, HTTP or othermethods.

When the item is dragged and dropped, appropriate events are generatedon the user computer 104—such as when the user's mouse enters the area610′ on the user computer 104 display, when a button or a key is pressedwhile the mouse is within the area 610′ and when the user continues topress the mouse or key while dragging the item, and when the userreleases the mouse or key to drop the item on the window 100′. Theseevents are captured, and handled by the event handler downloaded on theuser computer 104 in conjunction with software on the target server 100.When the user drops the item on window 100′, a secure connection—such asSecure Socket Layer or secure ftp—is opened with the server 100, anyappropriate authentication—such as password or other information—isprovided, and the item is copied to the appropriate location for furtherviewing. In some cases, for example, with respect to the HTTP protocol,the digital item may be downloaded to a cache area on the user computer104. In this case, the act of dragging and dropping may advantageouslycopy the item from the user computer's 104 cache to the target 100.Where a user computer 104 is connected to the network 102 via anInternet Service Provider (ISP), the ISP may store the item in a cacheat its location in a cache appliance—such as one manufactured byCacheFlow, Inc.,—for easy downloading by users. In such a case, the actof dragging and dropping (or copying and pasting) may be accomplished byopening a connection from the ISP cache appliance to the server 100 andtransmitting the digital item to an appropriate location on the server100 (target) after providing the user's account and passwordinformation.

Automatically Altering Library Storage Space

The user 103 can request the service provider to increase the librarystorage space as the need arises. This need can arise, for example, whenthe user attempts to add to the library an item that is larger than theavailable space. Similarly, when the user deletes a number of itemsstorage space could be released, which can be reclaimed by the server100 and this space could be added to either the space allocated to theuser 103 or for any other use preferably after garbage collection.Suppose the user 103 inadvertently drags and drops an item to thelibrary. If the item requires a storage space that should be allocatedto the user, the item can be first stored in a temporary storage area onthe server 100 or in the database 108. Then the server 100 executes anappropriate program to increase the storage space allocated to the user103. To achieve an increase in the storage space, the service providerpreferably executes an operating system function on the server 100 byproviding it the user's identifier and his user privileges such aspriority, security level, and others so that any newly allocated spaceis suitably configured to have the required security access level. Thisprocess can be performed either manually or automatically as the needarises to increase or decrease space, or after the user 103 pays a fee.

When such extra space is allocated, in one embodiment, the user isphysically allocated the extra storage space for use to create or expandhis library that could be accessed by requesters. In one embodiment, aprogram limiting the user to use only certain storage space isreprogrammed so that the user is allowed to use a larger space for thelibrary.

The storage space may be contiguous space in one physical device, or itcould be distributed over a large number of physically separate disksthat are accessible to the user over a network such as a Local AreaNetwork, a Wide Area Network or a public data network. In case where thestorage space is distributed over several physical devices, acontroller—which could be a computer program—allows the user to accesssuch distributed storage space in a transparent manner so that the useror requesters that access the library are unaware of the particularfashion in which the data are stored in a distributed manner over thenetwork.

Checking for Viruses

When an item is added or whenever any updates are made to a library, inone embodiment, the server computer 100 first makes sure that there isno attached or embedded virus present in the item. Searching the itemlooking for known virus signatures can accomplish this. Anti-virusprograms are well known to persons skilled in the art. In some cases,the virus can be surgically removed from the item, and the item can beplaced in the library. In other cases, a corrupted item may bediscarded. In either case, an alerting message is sent to the user 103,notifying him of any virus detection, unless the user wishes not toreceive such information. Any virus checking or detection is recorded inthe database 108. Further, the source from where the corrupted item wasobtained is recorded in the database 108 in a table of suspicioussources.

Subsequently, whenever a new item is added to the library, the source ofthe item is verified against an available list of suspicious sources inorder to ensure authenticity and security of the data. Moreover, inorder to maintain a current list of the latest viruses created byunscrupulous hackers, the library periodically scours trusted web sitesor information sources to obtain information about new viruses, anddownload virus signatures, rules to identify viruses, and any anti-virusprograms to the server 100 automatically to maintain an updatedanti-virus mechanism.

Accessing the Library

The method by which a requester 105 accesses the online library includesthe method described earlier with regard to the user's personalinformation with reference to FIG. 2, steps 200-228. These steps areapplicable to disbursing information stored in the multi-level securelibrary similar to that of the user's personal information and areincorporated herein by reference. The LSP plays the role of a PIRSP.Additional details are described in the following.

When a requester's device such as a requester computer 106 accesses theserver 100, the requester's device 106 may first establish a connectionwith the server 100, and make a request for a digital item stored in thelibrary. Alternatively, a requester 105 may be presented with amechanism—such as a web page—to search for an interested digital item byspecifying its name or other identifying information. The requestercomputer 106 may do this by sending a packet of data containing arequest message to the server 100. In one embodiment, the requester'sidentifying information is presented to the server 100 in the firstpacket or in a second packet. In response, the server 100 may verify therequester's identification information against stored information in adatabase coupled to the server 100. Thereafter, the server 100 maydeliver the requested digital item to the requester's computer 100, orany other device designated by the requester 105. In the case where thedigital item is delivered to a different device than the requester'scomputer 106 that requested the delivery, or in case where additionalprotection is deemed necessary, the server 100 may disconnect therequester's computer 106, and thereafter establish a second connectionwith the designated device to deliver the requested digital item.

Selective Access to the Requester

Depending on the security level of the requester 105, or the securitylevel of a password that the requester 105 provides, or the type oraddress (such as an Internet address) of a device used by the requester105, the time of day, the day of week, or other criterion established bythe user 103, a selective access is available to the requester 105. Forexample, only a particular portion of the library is visible oraccessible to the requester 105. This selective access or authorizationmay enable the requester 105 to perform such tasks as, in the case of adocument, insert, delete or modify text, images or an audio clip,underline text, highlight or make margin notes with or without a digitalsignature, and the like, if the requester 105 is permitted or authorizedto do so. As stated above, the authorization can be separately providedor could be encoded in the type of password provided to the requester105. Under this selective authorization scheme, a requester 105 may begiven only a subset of the available permissions to performoperations—i.e., the requester 105 may be allowed only to view but notedit a document; only to add to but not delete from a video clip; onlyto make margin notes on a document but not change or underline theoriginal text; make changes that are visible only to a select group ofpersons; and other similar tasks. When a requester 105 edits a document,all other persons in the select group are automatically notified that achange has been made. In one embodiment, the changes are downloaded tothe devices specified—if any—by the group. In other embodiments, thenotified persons may subsequently access and retrieve the document toview or further edit the document, or provide a digital signature ofapproval or disapproval and store it in the library. In this manner, adocument may be placed online, edited by one or more requesters, viewedor approved by others with secure digital signatures without the need tomeet each other face-to-face.

Restricting Access to a Predetermined Number of Simultaneous Requesters

The present invention may also be used to distribute information to agroup of persons—either a closed subset of known persons or a largeraudience on the network—without violating any copyright or otherrestrictions on items. Where an item is copyrighted, or otherwiserestricted as to the number of requesters that can simultaneously use,or download the item, a locking mechanism is invented. As an example, ifan item has a single-user license—such as the type of license onenormally obtains by purchasing a book, a video tape, or a music CD—andif a first requester accesses the item from the library, the item is“locked” whereby subsequent requesters are prevented from using it. Inthis case, the requester is given a period of time in which to returnthe item, or a reminder is sent to the requester for returning the itemafter use. In other embodiments, the requester may check out the itemfor a predetermined time, for example, one day. The library willestablish an expiration date on the item itself before the item isdownloaded. Thus, when the requester attempts to use the item beyond thepreviously established time period, the item will not be accessible,since the usage period has expired. An embodiment uses a semaphore toestablish this locking mechanism. Another embodiment uses a semaphorecoupled with a digital counter that can be decremented with eachrequester access. Other embodiments are also possible.

In cases where a requester accesses an item that is restricted as to thenumber of simultaneous requesters, for a subsequent requester, the itemwill be shown as available in the library, but “checked out” by anotherrequester. Further, a second requester may enlist his name or address ina “waiting list,” indicating to the library that he preferred to benotified at the address when the item is released or checked in by therequester that is currently using the item. This method can be used toallow a few licenses purchased for a popular music or video item to beshared by a number of requesters by placing the licenses in a pool thatcan be accessed by a larger audience.

License Pooling

In order to enable requesters to access multiple copies, a third-partyuser—i.e., one that is not the user that created the library—may“donate,” “sell,” “assign,” or otherwise “contribute” his license to thelibrary for a limited time or for an unlimited time. For example, aholder of a license can transmit his license code to the personallibrary, which license code can be stored in a license database coupledto the library, thereby allowing the library to provide access to asmany requesters as the license allows. In one embodiment, a licensecontributed by the third party user may expire after a predeterminedtime. In this case, a software process—such as a timer process—may beactivated to periodically check for any expiration time and disablelicense from further use. In further alternative embodiments, thedigital item may be delivered to the requester device via a streamingtechnique, by streaming video or audio to the device, if the requesterdevice is suitably equipped.

Referring now to FIG. 7, other methods of pooling licenses can bedevised to share rights to use the restricted digital item. Suppose adigital item has a single-user license and is loaded to a third partyuser's personal computer 710. The third party user's computer isconnected to network 102 or otherwise communicatively coupled to theserver 100. The availability of the restricted item may be announced topotential requesters by listing it in a place visible to suchrequesters. Before or when a requester 105 wishes to access therestricted digital item, the server 100 locks a copy of the item on thethird party user's personal computer 710 and allows the requester 105 touse the digital item for a predetermined time. The server may accomplishthis locking by downloading a plug-in, an applet or a client program tothe requester's computer 106, which program establishes the lock eitherby making the license inaccessible to any other requester, or byphysically removing a file from the third party user's personal computer710 for the duration. Such method of remote license provisioning may beexpanded into a wide-area license pooling by locking copies of arestricted digital item across a number of computer 710, 720 and othersdistributed over the network 102.

Formatting the Digital Item for Delivery to a Designated Device

Suppose requester 105 accesses the library using a device 106 that iscapable of retrieving and using a digital item without any need forfurther formatting. The digital item is downloaded to the requester'sdevice 106 directly. When, on the other hand, a requester's device 106requires further formatting—which could be evident from the type of thedevice as determined by the server 100 or by an explicit indication bythe requester 105—software resident on the server or the requester'sdevice 106 may initiate a handshaking protocol to establish the type offormatting required. For example, the requester's device 106 may becapable of handling only a text-based interface; only a certain types ofimages such as only MPEG images; has a limited storage capability; or alimited viewing area. The requester's device 106 may have otherlimitations on resources such as size and type of memory device;attached or attachable storage devices; input/output capability such aspointing device; voice recognition; text-to-speech capability; videoinput/output capability; numeric or alphanumeric keyboard; processingpower; type of operating environment; whether or not a downloaded itemcan be locally executed; type of encryption/decryption; type of datacommunication or other protocol handled; file types; type and size ofthe viewing area or the like. In such cases, the server 100 formats thedigital item to fit the device that accesses the information, ortransmits the digital item using an appropriate protocol.

In an embodiment, the server 100 may format the content appropriately tofit the requirements of the requester's device 106. To accomplish this,the server 100 may execute a formatter program that formats the digitalitem appropriately before downloading. In such cases, the server 100preferably has a database of required formats specified, and storedrules for formatting. On the other hand, the server 100 may alter, orremove certain portions of the item, such as attachments to an E-mailmessage.

In case a different data communication protocol is to be used to enablethe requester device 106 to access a digital item, the server 100 mayselect an appropriate protocol translator: the server invokes theselected translator, inputs the digital item to the selected translator,and directs the output to the requester's device.

In other embodiments, for example, where the requester's device 106accesses the server 106 to download the digital item for storage andlater use, there may not be any need for pre-formatting by the server;the item can be downloaded or installed and the requester 105 mayperform the translation locally at his device 106. The requester 105 maydownload or otherwise install the translator from either the server 100or a third-party supplier.

The foregoing describes a method and a system for obtaining, storing andautomatically disbursing personal information over a communicationsnetwork. Though reference is made only to a single instance of each ofthe client and the server computers, it should be noted that theinvention can be practiced using an architecture comprising a pluralityof client computers (not shown) and/or a plurality of server computers(not shown). Additionally, though reference is made only to a singleprocessor computer, the server or the client computer could comprise adistributed, parallel computing environment, either including asingle-processor or a multiple-processor architecture, whether symmetricor asymmetric. In alternative embodiments, the user 103 operating theuser computer 104 is thought to interact with the server computer 100using a model such as that facilitated by the Java Bean, the EnterpriseJava Bean or other similar technologies such as Remote MethodInvocation, Distributed Component Object Model. Sessions could beimplemented by using stateful or stateless Enterprise Java Beans and thelike. The database 108 can be accessed via session or other kinds ofbeans, either a single instance of them or via numerous instancesmanaged by another object layer. In alternative embodiments, theinvention described herein can be implemented in part on the servercomputer 100 and in part on the user computer 104, in part as a servlet,as a downloaded JavaScript™ program, as a plug-in program, as an applet,or any combinations thereof. In alternative embodiments, the servercomputer 100 is located behind a fire-wall, and may store a cookie,download a Dynamic HTML script, a JavaScript program or a plug-inprogram to the user computer 104 to achieve a portion of thefunctionality described herein. In one embodiment, no software isdeposited on the user computer 104 other than the HTML page displayed ona browser. The word “network” comprises any heterogenous or homogenouscollection of computer networks, public or private or a combination ofboth, which network includes intelligent or “passive” elements; eitherwholly or partly, and further includes routers, bridges and othertransport mechanisms; executing a single protocol or a combination of aplurality of data communication protocols; effecting communication(transmission and/or reception) of information, which informationcomprises voice, video, data, and/or text or any combinations thereof;using either in-band or out-of-band methods. The word “database” isassumed to comprise a flat file, an area in memory, an index file, arelational database, a sequential or a random access data storage andretrieval method operating in conjunction with any type of device, adistributed database or a single database, and could further comprise arelational database, hierarchical, sequential, random access or anyother type of database, with or without a transaction manager,concurrency controller, memory manager, or a query optimizer. Further,the steps described herein are illustrative and not limiting, and theorder of the steps described could be altered. Moreover, some of thesteps could be collapsed into a single step, while some other steps aresuperfluous or optional and are described only to elaborate theprinciples of the invention. Persons skilled in the art may makemodifications, rearrangements and adjustments to the disclosed preferredembodiments without undue experimentation or without significantlydeparting from the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which claimsshould be construed to include all these modifications, rearrangements,adjustments, and departures.

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 24. A method ofproviding online library services to a plurality of users by a serviceprovider operating a server computer connected to the Internet, saidserver computer configured to hold digital items for each of theplurality of users, said each of the plurality of users having anaccount with optional password-protection on said account with theserver computer, the method comprising the steps of: allocating storageto store a first user's information as the user's online library;assigning an address for the first user's online library; receiving thefirst user's account information; optionally, receiving authorizationinformation for the first user's account; receiving a digital item;storing the digital item in the first user's online library; if thedigital item is copyright-protected, then receiving license informationfor the digital item; storing the license information along with thecopyright-protected digital item in the first user's online library;examining the license information for the copyright-protected digitalitem to determine a number (N, where N≧1) of simultaneous users whocould access the copyright-protected digital item; and allowing no morethan N simultaneous users to access the copyright-protected digitalitem.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the digital item is a webpage, a bookmark, a document, an e-book, an image, a piece of music, apiece of audio, a video clip, a Compact Disc, or a movie.
 26. The methodof claim 24, wherein the step of receiving license information comprisesthe step of: receiving license information, said license informationindicating that the license is for access of the digital item for apredetermined time (ζ); permitting access the digital item in accordancewith the time constraint imposed by the license information; anddisabling access to the digital item upon expiration of thepredetermined time (ζ).
 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the step ofallowing no more than N simultaneous users to access thecopyright-protected digital item comprises the step of: receiving arequest from n requesters to access a copyright-protected digital itemhaving N (where N≧1) licenses; allowing each of the n (where n≦N)requesters to access the digital item for a predetermined period of time(τ); locking the digital item from access by the remaining (n>N)requesters during the time (τ) the digital item is accessed by thoseusers who are permitted to access the digital item; and optionally,establishing a waiting list for each of the remaining (n>N) requesters.28. The method of claim 27, further comprising the step of: when one ofthe N licenses becomes available, permitting one of the requesters onthe waiting list to access the digital item.